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       <title>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023 - British Herpetological Society</title>
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       <link>https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023?format=html</link>
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           <title>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023 - British Herpetological Society</title>
           <link>https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023?format=html</link>
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           <title>05. Intensive and efficient egg-laying tempo of the parthenogenesis mourning gecko [i]Lepidodactylus lugubris[/i]</title>
           <link>https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3882-05-intensive-and-efficient-egg-laying-tempo-of-the-parthenogenesis-mourning-gecko-i-lepidodactylus-lugubris-i-1?format=html</link>
           <enclosure url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3882-05-intensive-and-efficient-egg-laying-tempo-of-the-parthenogenesis-mourning-gecko-i-lepidodactylus-lugubris-i-1/file" length="1211582" type="application/pdf" />
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                url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3882-05-intensive-and-efficient-egg-laying-tempo-of-the-parthenogenesis-mourning-gecko-i-lepidodactylus-lugubris-i-1/file"
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           <media:title type="plain">05. Intensive and efficient egg-laying tempo of the parthenogenesis mourning gecko [i]Lepidodactylus lugubris[/i]</media:title>
           <media:description type="html"><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.115118" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.115118</a></p>
<p>pp. 115-118</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Tsui-Wen Li, Jhan-Wei Lin & Si-Min Lin</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: Although suffered from many evolutionary disadvantages, asexual species benefit from their high efficiency to build clonal populations in a novel habitat. Here we report that a parthenogenetic mourning gecko <em>Lepidodactylus lugubris</em> continuously laid 12 clutches within two years. The egg-laying period lasted from mid-April to late October, and the egg-laying interval ranged between 24 and 73 days with a mean of 34.4 days. Referring to this fecundity, a female gecko could reproduce up to 24 clonal female offspring every year, and expand the population size in an efficient way much faster than most bisexual species. The intensive and efficient egg-laying tempo, associated with the parthenogenetic breeding mode, are crucial factors which facilitated their successful colonisation into many islands.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: clonal population, cost of sex, invariant clutch size, invasive species</p>]]></media:description>
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           <description><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.115118" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.115118</a></p>
<p>pp. 115-118</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Tsui-Wen Li, Jhan-Wei Lin & Si-Min Lin</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: Although suffered from many evolutionary disadvantages, asexual species benefit from their high efficiency to build clonal populations in a novel habitat. Here we report that a parthenogenetic mourning gecko <em>Lepidodactylus lugubris</em> continuously laid 12 clutches within two years. The egg-laying period lasted from mid-April to late October, and the egg-laying interval ranged between 24 and 73 days with a mean of 34.4 days. Referring to this fecundity, a female gecko could reproduce up to 24 clonal female offspring every year, and expand the population size in an efficient way much faster than most bisexual species. The intensive and efficient egg-laying tempo, associated with the parthenogenetic breeding mode, are crucial factors which facilitated their successful colonisation into many islands.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: clonal population, cost of sex, invariant clutch size, invasive species</p>]]></description>
           <author>managingeditor2@thebhs.org (Julie Tee)</author>
           <category>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023</category>
           <pubDate>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 13:15:27 +0100</pubDate>
       </item>
              <item>
           <title>04. Morphological anomalies of tadpoles from a contaminated stream in the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico</title>
           <link>https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3881-04-morphological-anomalies-of-tadpoles-from-a-contaminated-stream-in-the-state-of-tlaxcala-mexico?format=html</link>
           <enclosure url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3881-04-morphological-anomalies-of-tadpoles-from-a-contaminated-stream-in-the-state-of-tlaxcala-mexico/file" length="772013" type="application/pdf" />
           <media:content
                url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3881-04-morphological-anomalies-of-tadpoles-from-a-contaminated-stream-in-the-state-of-tlaxcala-mexico/file"
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           <media:title type="plain">04. Morphological anomalies of tadpoles from a contaminated stream in the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico</media:title>
           <media:description type="html"><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.111114" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.111114</a></p>
<p>pp. 111-114</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Maribel Méndez-Tepepa, Kevin I. Medina-Bello, Edelmira García-Nieto & Libertad Juárez-Santa Cruz</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: The contamination of aquatic systems by anthropogenic activities may impact amphibian populations by causing malformation and death in tadpoles. However, there often needs to be more information regarding environmental pollutants' effects on amphibians, such as contaminated systems from the state of Tlaxcala in Mexico. This study reports on morphological abnormalities observed in <em>Lithobates spectabilis</em> tadpoles found in a stream of three sites monitored in Tlaxcala. The tadpoles presented swollen heads, edema, intestinal hemorrhage, anomalies in the mouth, a deviated tail, and underdeveloped tail fins. We hypothesise that these abnormalities have been caused by exposure to contamination from nearby communities, including garbage and sewage pumped directly into the stream. This research provides the first report on the potential adverse effects of contaminant exposure on tadpole development and morphology in this region. Identifying malformations in tadpoles could help detect contaminants in aquatic systems for further analysis.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Lithobates spectabilis</em>, pollutants, anthropogenic, edema, abnormalities</p>]]></media:description>
                      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3881-04-morphological-anomalies-of-tadpoles-from-a-contaminated-stream-in-the-state-of-tlaxcala-mexico?format=html</guid>
           <description><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.111114" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.111114</a></p>
<p>pp. 111-114</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Maribel Méndez-Tepepa, Kevin I. Medina-Bello, Edelmira García-Nieto & Libertad Juárez-Santa Cruz</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: The contamination of aquatic systems by anthropogenic activities may impact amphibian populations by causing malformation and death in tadpoles. However, there often needs to be more information regarding environmental pollutants' effects on amphibians, such as contaminated systems from the state of Tlaxcala in Mexico. This study reports on morphological abnormalities observed in <em>Lithobates spectabilis</em> tadpoles found in a stream of three sites monitored in Tlaxcala. The tadpoles presented swollen heads, edema, intestinal hemorrhage, anomalies in the mouth, a deviated tail, and underdeveloped tail fins. We hypothesise that these abnormalities have been caused by exposure to contamination from nearby communities, including garbage and sewage pumped directly into the stream. This research provides the first report on the potential adverse effects of contaminant exposure on tadpole development and morphology in this region. Identifying malformations in tadpoles could help detect contaminants in aquatic systems for further analysis.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Lithobates spectabilis</em>, pollutants, anthropogenic, edema, abnormalities</p>]]></description>
           <author>managingeditor2@thebhs.org (Julie Tee)</author>
           <category>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023</category>
           <pubDate>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 13:15:25 +0100</pubDate>
       </item>
              <item>
           <title>03. Fungal pathogen infection intensity associated with reproductive mode and elevation in an afrotropical anuran community</title>
           <link>https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3880-03-fungal-pathogen-infection-intensity-associated-with-reproductive-mode-and-elevation-in-an-afrotropical-anuran-community-1?format=html</link>
           <enclosure url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3880-03-fungal-pathogen-infection-intensity-associated-with-reproductive-mode-and-elevation-in-an-afrotropical-anuran-community-1/file" length="818929" type="application/pdf" />
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                url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3880-03-fungal-pathogen-infection-intensity-associated-with-reproductive-mode-and-elevation-in-an-afrotropical-anuran-community-1/file"
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           <media:title type="plain">03. Fungal pathogen infection intensity associated with reproductive mode and elevation in an afrotropical anuran community</media:title>
           <media:description type="html"><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.103110" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.103110</a></p>
<p>pp. 103-110</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Vanessa M. Marshall, Patrick J. McLaughlin, Juvencio Eko Mengue, Liscinia Josefa Bindang, Lauren A. Scheinberg, Christian Irian, Rayna C. Bell & C. Guilherme Becker</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: The effects of host ecology and environmental conditions on infection dynamics of the amphibian chytrid fungus <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>) have been documented in several tropical and montane regions across the globe. These interactions are often complex and unique at local scales. Data on the historical and current chytridiomycosis-amphibian system is largely lacking in Africa, especially central Africa. We conducted the first survey of <em>Bd</em> in continental Equatorial Guinea in 2019, and extensively sampled the land-bridge island, Bioko, in 2011 and 2019. Our results provide novel information on the distribution and prevalence of <em>Bd</em> in Equatorial Guinea and demonstrate the effects of host developmental mode and elevation on <em>Bd</em> infections. We found that <em>Bd</em> infection loads are positively linked with elevation and that direct-developing species have higher average <em>Bd</em> loads than aquatic breeding species at all elevations. These patterns corroborate previous findings in afrotropical amphibian assemblages. Additionally, our study confirms the presence of <em>Bd</em> in continental Equatorial Guinea, providing updated information on the distribution of <em>Bd</em> in central Africa, and confirming the need for careful monitoring of this biodiverse region.</p>
<p>Los efectos de la ecología del huésped y las condiciones ambientales en la dinámica de infección del hongo quítrido anfibio <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>) se han documentado en varias regiones tropicales y montañosas de todo el mundo. Estas interacciones suelen ser complejas y únicas a escala local. Los datos sobre el sistema quitridiomicosis-anfibios histórico y actual faltan en gran medida en África, especialmente en África central. Realizamos la primera encuesta de <em>Bd</em> en Guinea Ecuatorial continental en 2019, y un muestreo extenso de la isla Bioko en 2011 y 2019. Nuestros resultados brindan información novedosa sobre la distribución y prevalencia de <em>Bd</em> en Guinea Ecuatorial y demuestran el efecto del modo de desarrollo del huésped y la elevación de las infecciones por <em>Bd</em>. Descubrimos que las cargas de infección por <em>Bd</em> están relacionadas positivamente con la elevación y que las especies en desarrollo directo tienen cargas promedio de <em>Bd</em> más altas que las especies acuáticas reproductoras a lo largo de la elevación. Estos patrones corroboran hallazgos previos en conjuntos de anfibios afrotropicales. Además, nuestro estudio confirma la presencia de <em>Bd</em> en Guinea Ecuatorial continental, proporcionando información actualizada sobre la distribución de <em>Bd</em> en África Central y confirmando la necesidad de un seguimiento cuidadoso de esta región biodiversa.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, <em>Bd</em> infection load, amphibian conservation</p>]]></media:description>
                      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3880-03-fungal-pathogen-infection-intensity-associated-with-reproductive-mode-and-elevation-in-an-afrotropical-anuran-community-1?format=html</guid>
           <description><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.103110" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.103110</a></p>
<p>pp. 103-110</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Vanessa M. Marshall, Patrick J. McLaughlin, Juvencio Eko Mengue, Liscinia Josefa Bindang, Lauren A. Scheinberg, Christian Irian, Rayna C. Bell & C. Guilherme Becker</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: The effects of host ecology and environmental conditions on infection dynamics of the amphibian chytrid fungus <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>) have been documented in several tropical and montane regions across the globe. These interactions are often complex and unique at local scales. Data on the historical and current chytridiomycosis-amphibian system is largely lacking in Africa, especially central Africa. We conducted the first survey of <em>Bd</em> in continental Equatorial Guinea in 2019, and extensively sampled the land-bridge island, Bioko, in 2011 and 2019. Our results provide novel information on the distribution and prevalence of <em>Bd</em> in Equatorial Guinea and demonstrate the effects of host developmental mode and elevation on <em>Bd</em> infections. We found that <em>Bd</em> infection loads are positively linked with elevation and that direct-developing species have higher average <em>Bd</em> loads than aquatic breeding species at all elevations. These patterns corroborate previous findings in afrotropical amphibian assemblages. Additionally, our study confirms the presence of <em>Bd</em> in continental Equatorial Guinea, providing updated information on the distribution of <em>Bd</em> in central Africa, and confirming the need for careful monitoring of this biodiverse region.</p>
<p>Los efectos de la ecología del huésped y las condiciones ambientales en la dinámica de infección del hongo quítrido anfibio <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>) se han documentado en varias regiones tropicales y montañosas de todo el mundo. Estas interacciones suelen ser complejas y únicas a escala local. Los datos sobre el sistema quitridiomicosis-anfibios histórico y actual faltan en gran medida en África, especialmente en África central. Realizamos la primera encuesta de <em>Bd</em> en Guinea Ecuatorial continental en 2019, y un muestreo extenso de la isla Bioko en 2011 y 2019. Nuestros resultados brindan información novedosa sobre la distribución y prevalencia de <em>Bd</em> en Guinea Ecuatorial y demuestran el efecto del modo de desarrollo del huésped y la elevación de las infecciones por <em>Bd</em>. Descubrimos que las cargas de infección por <em>Bd</em> están relacionadas positivamente con la elevación y que las especies en desarrollo directo tienen cargas promedio de <em>Bd</em> más altas que las especies acuáticas reproductoras a lo largo de la elevación. Estos patrones corroboran hallazgos previos en conjuntos de anfibios afrotropicales. Además, nuestro estudio confirma la presencia de <em>Bd</em> en Guinea Ecuatorial continental, proporcionando información actualizada sobre la distribución de <em>Bd</em> en África Central y confirmando la necesidad de un seguimiento cuidadoso de esta región biodiversa.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, <em>Bd</em> infection load, amphibian conservation</p>]]></description>
           <author>managingeditor2@thebhs.org (Julie Tee)</author>
           <category>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023</category>
           <pubDate>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 13:15:21 +0100</pubDate>
       </item>
              <item>
           <title>02. The plasticity of metamorphic traits in the Chinese brown frog tadpoles fails to obey Richards' hypothesis</title>
           <link>https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3879-02-the-plasticity-of-metamorphic-traits-in-the-chinese-brown-frog-tadpoles-fails-to-obey-richards-hypothesis-1?format=html</link>
           <enclosure url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3879-02-the-plasticity-of-metamorphic-traits-in-the-chinese-brown-frog-tadpoles-fails-to-obey-richards-hypothesis-1/file" length="505683" type="application/pdf" />
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                url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3879-02-the-plasticity-of-metamorphic-traits-in-the-chinese-brown-frog-tadpoles-fails-to-obey-richards-hypothesis-1/file"
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           <media:title type="plain">02. The plasticity of metamorphic traits in the Chinese brown frog tadpoles fails to obey Richards' hypothesis</media:title>
           <media:description type="html"><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.97102" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.97102</a></p>
<p>pp. 97-102</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Wen Hao Shi, Hai Ying Li, Wen Long Lu & Tong Lei Yu</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: According to Richards' hypothesis, algae or cells in the intestinal tract has been considered the cellular inhibitory factor, when they fall off and hide in the faeces, excreted together with the faeces. If the animals feed on these faeces with algae or cells, and bring them into their systems, then the cellular inhibitory factor would play the main responsibility for growth inhibition. Here, we surveyed the effects of different combinations of faeces and food level on growth rates, survivorship, larval age and mass, and SVL at metamorphosis of the Chinese brown frog <em>Rana chensinensis</em>. Our results showed that food level can influence the length of the larval period of Chinese brown frog tadpoles, suggesting that delayed metamorphosis is caused by low food supply, indicative of a function of effective energy. Our data also clearly indicated that tadpoles in the presence of faeces were on average larger in body mass than those in the absence of faeces, which failed to obey Richards' hypothesis. Moreover, our results found evidence that faeces have a positive effect on the growth rate of tadpoles. Thus, there is no evidence for Richards' hypothesis, suggesting that this novel mechanism is selected for where coprophagy is likely to prove profitable, irrespective of the abundance of alternative food.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Rana chensinensis</em>, Richards' hypothesis, faecal material, mass at metamorphosis, growth rate</p>]]></media:description>
                      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3879-02-the-plasticity-of-metamorphic-traits-in-the-chinese-brown-frog-tadpoles-fails-to-obey-richards-hypothesis-1?format=html</guid>
           <description><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.97102" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.97102</a></p>
<p>pp. 97-102</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Wen Hao Shi, Hai Ying Li, Wen Long Lu & Tong Lei Yu</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: According to Richards' hypothesis, algae or cells in the intestinal tract has been considered the cellular inhibitory factor, when they fall off and hide in the faeces, excreted together with the faeces. If the animals feed on these faeces with algae or cells, and bring them into their systems, then the cellular inhibitory factor would play the main responsibility for growth inhibition. Here, we surveyed the effects of different combinations of faeces and food level on growth rates, survivorship, larval age and mass, and SVL at metamorphosis of the Chinese brown frog <em>Rana chensinensis</em>. Our results showed that food level can influence the length of the larval period of Chinese brown frog tadpoles, suggesting that delayed metamorphosis is caused by low food supply, indicative of a function of effective energy. Our data also clearly indicated that tadpoles in the presence of faeces were on average larger in body mass than those in the absence of faeces, which failed to obey Richards' hypothesis. Moreover, our results found evidence that faeces have a positive effect on the growth rate of tadpoles. Thus, there is no evidence for Richards' hypothesis, suggesting that this novel mechanism is selected for where coprophagy is likely to prove profitable, irrespective of the abundance of alternative food.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Rana chensinensis</em>, Richards' hypothesis, faecal material, mass at metamorphosis, growth rate</p>]]></description>
           <author>managingeditor2@thebhs.org (Julie Tee)</author>
           <category>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023</category>
           <pubDate>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 13:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
       </item>
              <item>
           <title>01a. Supplementary material for 01. Bayesian insights into Green Pit Viper [i]Trimeresurus[/i] ([i]Cryptelytrops[/i]) [i]macrops[/i] sexual dimorphism with respect to influence of gravidity and habitat disturbance</title>
           <link>https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3878-01a-supplementary-material-for-01-bayesian-insights-into-green-pit-viper-i-trimeresurus-i-i-cryptelytrops-i-i-macrops-i-sexual-dimorphism-with-respect-to-influence-of-gravidity-and-habitat-disturbance-1?format=html</link>
           <enclosure url="https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3878-01a-supplementary-material-for-01-bayesian-insights-into-green-pit-viper-i-trimeresurus-i-i-cryptelytrops-i-i-macrops-i-sexual-dimorphism-with-respect-to-influence-of-gravidity-and-habitat-disturbance-1/file" length="1661288" type="application/pdf" />
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           <media:title type="plain">01a. Supplementary material for 01. Bayesian insights into Green Pit Viper [i]Trimeresurus[/i] ([i]Cryptelytrops[/i]) [i]macrops[/i] sexual dimorphism with respect to influence of gravidity and habitat disturbance</media:title>
           <media:description type="html"><![CDATA[]]></media:description>
                      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3878-01a-supplementary-material-for-01-bayesian-insights-into-green-pit-viper-i-trimeresurus-i-i-cryptelytrops-i-i-macrops-i-sexual-dimorphism-with-respect-to-influence-of-gravidity-and-habitat-disturbance-1?format=html</guid>
           <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
           <author>managingeditor2@thebhs.org (Julie Tee)</author>
           <category>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023</category>
           <pubDate>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 13:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
       </item>
              <item>
           <title>01. Bayesian insights into Green Pit Viper [i]Trimeresurus[/i] ([i]Cryptelytrops[/i]) [i]macrops[/i] sexual dimorphism with respect to influence of gravidity and habitat disturbance</title>
           <link>https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-33-number-4-october-2023/3877-01-bayesian-insights-into-green-pit-viper-i-trimeresurus-i-i-cryptelytrops-i-i-macrops-i-sexual-dimorphism-with-respect-to-influence-of-gravidity-and-habitat-disturbance-1?format=html</link>
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           <media:title type="plain">01. Bayesian insights into Green Pit Viper [i]Trimeresurus[/i] ([i]Cryptelytrops[/i]) [i]macrops[/i] sexual dimorphism with respect to influence of gravidity and habitat disturbance</media:title>
           <media:description type="html"><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.8896" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.8896</a></p>
<p>pp. 88-96</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Curt Barnes, Colin Strine, Bartosz Nadolski, Jacques Hill III, Pongthep Suwanwaree, Taksin Artchawakom & Surachit Waengsothorn</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: Sexual dimorphism is expressed in many taxa as a form of resource partitioning and as a response to unique challenges faced by male and female organisms. We investigated this phenomenon for an arboreal green pit viper species, <em>Trimeresurus macrops</em>, previously suggested to display obvious sexual dimorphism. We evaluated seven external characters and scaled mass index (SMI) of 73 vipers (N = 32 males, N = 41 females) obtained during night surveys and opportunistic searches in north-east Thailand from January 2015–January 2017. We utilised Bayesian inference to investigate the influence of sex, gravidity, and rural habitat disturbance on sexual dimorphism of <em>T. macrops</em>, and we provide 95 % highest density intervals (HDI) for the difference in means (posterior distribution). We also present ecologically relevant probabilities of observing dimorphism for each external character and SMI by sex, gravidity (gravid or not), and habitat type (rural or forest). Females were larger than males in both forested and rural habitat, females in rural habitat were larger than forest females, and all males displayed a conspicuous white eye-stripe. When gravid females were excluded from analyses, probability of observing dimorphism drastically decreased. Knowledge of niche partitioning and the specific challenges encountered by males and females, gravid and non-gravid females, and individuals persisting in rural habitats will prove valuable for conservation and snakebite mitigation of <em>T. macrops.</em></p>
<p>ความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศ (sexual dimorphism) ถูกปรากฎในอนุกรมวิธานสัตว์ว่าเป็นรูปแบบหนึ่งของการแบ่งปันทรัพยากร (resource partitioning) และการท้าทายจำเพาะจากสิ่งมีชีวิตเพศผู้และเพศเมีย เราศึกษาปรากฏการณ์นี้ในกลุ่มงูเขียวหางไห้ที่มีถิ่นอาศัยอยู่บนต้นไม้ ชนิดพันธุ์ งูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโต <em>Trimeresurus macrops</em> ซึ่งได้รับการเสนอในการศึกษาก่อนหน้าว่ามีการแสดงออกของความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศอย่างชัดเจน นักวิจัยทำการประเมินลักษณะภายนอกทั้ง 7 ลักษณะและScaled mass index (SMI) ของงูเขียวหางไหม้จำนวน 73 ตัว (ตัวผู้ 32 ตัว, ตัวเมีย 41 ตัว) จากการสำรวจตอนกลางคืนและการสำรวจตามโอกาสในพื้นที่ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของประเทศไทยตั้งแต่เดือนมกราคม พ.ศ. 2558 - มกราคม พ.ศ. 2560 เราใช้การอนุมานแบบเบย์เพื่อตรวจสอบอิทธิพลของเพศ การตั้งครรภ์ และการรบกวนถิ่นอาศัยในพื้นที่เกษตรกรรมต่อความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศของงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโต T. macrops และเราให้ช่วง HDI อยู่ที่ 95% สำหรับความแตกต่างของค่าเฉลี่ย (การแจกแจงหลัง) นอกจากนี้ เรานำเสนอความน่าจะเป็นที่เกี่ยวข้องกับระบบนิเวศในการสังเกตความแตกต่างของลักษณะภายนอกและ SMI ตามเพศ การตั้งครรภ์ (มีหรือไม่มี) และประเภทที่อยู่อาศัย (พื้นที่เกษตรกรรมหรือป่า) การศึกษาพบว่า งูเขียวหางไหม้ตัวเมียมีขนาดใหญ่กว่าตัวผู้ทั้งที่อาศัยในป่าและพื้นที่เกษตรกรรม โดยงูเขียวหางไหม้ตัวเมียในที่อยู่อาศัยพื้นที่เกษตรกรรมจะมีขนาดใหญ่กว่าที่พบในป่า และตัวผู้ทุกตัวมีแถบตาสีขาวที่สังเกตเห็นชัดเจน ทั้งนี้เมื่องูเขียวหางไหม้เพศเมียที่ตั้งครรภ์ถูกแยกออกจากการวิเคราะห์ ค่าความน่าจะเป็นในการสังเกตความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศถูกลดทอนลงเป็นอย่างมาก โดยความรู้เกี่ยวกับการแบ่งกลุ่มเฉพาะและความท้าทายจำเพาะที่พบโดยงูเขียวหางไหม้เพศผู้และเพศเมีย งูเพศเมียที่มีการตั้งครรภ์ และตัวอย่างอื่น ๆ ที่อาศัยอยู่ในเกษตรกรรมจะพิสูจน์ได้ว่ามีคุณค่าสำหรับการอนุรักษ์และการลดปัญหาการถูกงูกัดของงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโต <em>T. macrops</em> สืบไป</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Difference of body size, south-east Asia, Bayesian inference, arboreal viper</p>]]></media:description>
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           <description><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.8896" target="_self">https://doi.org/10.33256/33.4.8896</a></p>
<p>pp. 88-96</p>
<p><strong>Authors</strong>: Curt Barnes, Colin Strine, Bartosz Nadolski, Jacques Hill III, Pongthep Suwanwaree, Taksin Artchawakom & Surachit Waengsothorn</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: Sexual dimorphism is expressed in many taxa as a form of resource partitioning and as a response to unique challenges faced by male and female organisms. We investigated this phenomenon for an arboreal green pit viper species, <em>Trimeresurus macrops</em>, previously suggested to display obvious sexual dimorphism. We evaluated seven external characters and scaled mass index (SMI) of 73 vipers (N = 32 males, N = 41 females) obtained during night surveys and opportunistic searches in north-east Thailand from January 2015–January 2017. We utilised Bayesian inference to investigate the influence of sex, gravidity, and rural habitat disturbance on sexual dimorphism of <em>T. macrops</em>, and we provide 95 % highest density intervals (HDI) for the difference in means (posterior distribution). We also present ecologically relevant probabilities of observing dimorphism for each external character and SMI by sex, gravidity (gravid or not), and habitat type (rural or forest). Females were larger than males in both forested and rural habitat, females in rural habitat were larger than forest females, and all males displayed a conspicuous white eye-stripe. When gravid females were excluded from analyses, probability of observing dimorphism drastically decreased. Knowledge of niche partitioning and the specific challenges encountered by males and females, gravid and non-gravid females, and individuals persisting in rural habitats will prove valuable for conservation and snakebite mitigation of <em>T. macrops.</em></p>
<p>ความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศ (sexual dimorphism) ถูกปรากฎในอนุกรมวิธานสัตว์ว่าเป็นรูปแบบหนึ่งของการแบ่งปันทรัพยากร (resource partitioning) และการท้าทายจำเพาะจากสิ่งมีชีวิตเพศผู้และเพศเมีย เราศึกษาปรากฏการณ์นี้ในกลุ่มงูเขียวหางไห้ที่มีถิ่นอาศัยอยู่บนต้นไม้ ชนิดพันธุ์ งูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโต <em>Trimeresurus macrops</em> ซึ่งได้รับการเสนอในการศึกษาก่อนหน้าว่ามีการแสดงออกของความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศอย่างชัดเจน นักวิจัยทำการประเมินลักษณะภายนอกทั้ง 7 ลักษณะและScaled mass index (SMI) ของงูเขียวหางไหม้จำนวน 73 ตัว (ตัวผู้ 32 ตัว, ตัวเมีย 41 ตัว) จากการสำรวจตอนกลางคืนและการสำรวจตามโอกาสในพื้นที่ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของประเทศไทยตั้งแต่เดือนมกราคม พ.ศ. 2558 - มกราคม พ.ศ. 2560 เราใช้การอนุมานแบบเบย์เพื่อตรวจสอบอิทธิพลของเพศ การตั้งครรภ์ และการรบกวนถิ่นอาศัยในพื้นที่เกษตรกรรมต่อความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศของงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโต T. macrops และเราให้ช่วง HDI อยู่ที่ 95% สำหรับความแตกต่างของค่าเฉลี่ย (การแจกแจงหลัง) นอกจากนี้ เรานำเสนอความน่าจะเป็นที่เกี่ยวข้องกับระบบนิเวศในการสังเกตความแตกต่างของลักษณะภายนอกและ SMI ตามเพศ การตั้งครรภ์ (มีหรือไม่มี) และประเภทที่อยู่อาศัย (พื้นที่เกษตรกรรมหรือป่า) การศึกษาพบว่า งูเขียวหางไหม้ตัวเมียมีขนาดใหญ่กว่าตัวผู้ทั้งที่อาศัยในป่าและพื้นที่เกษตรกรรม โดยงูเขียวหางไหม้ตัวเมียในที่อยู่อาศัยพื้นที่เกษตรกรรมจะมีขนาดใหญ่กว่าที่พบในป่า และตัวผู้ทุกตัวมีแถบตาสีขาวที่สังเกตเห็นชัดเจน ทั้งนี้เมื่องูเขียวหางไหม้เพศเมียที่ตั้งครรภ์ถูกแยกออกจากการวิเคราะห์ ค่าความน่าจะเป็นในการสังเกตความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศถูกลดทอนลงเป็นอย่างมาก โดยความรู้เกี่ยวกับการแบ่งกลุ่มเฉพาะและความท้าทายจำเพาะที่พบโดยงูเขียวหางไหม้เพศผู้และเพศเมีย งูเพศเมียที่มีการตั้งครรภ์ และตัวอย่างอื่น ๆ ที่อาศัยอยู่ในเกษตรกรรมจะพิสูจน์ได้ว่ามีคุณค่าสำหรับการอนุรักษ์และการลดปัญหาการถูกงูกัดของงูเขียวหางไหม้ตาโต <em>T. macrops</em> สืบไป</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Difference of body size, south-east Asia, Bayesian inference, arboreal viper</p>]]></description>
           <author>managingeditor2@thebhs.org (Julie Tee)</author>
           <category>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023</category>
           <pubDate>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 13:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
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           <author>managingeditor2@thebhs.org (Julie Tee)</author>
           <category>Volume 33, Number 4, October 2023</category>
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